Advanced Robotic Prostate Surgery in India

A boon for Prostate Cancer patients - Advanced Robotic Prostate Surgery is now preferred choice for Prostate Cancer patients due to following Unmatched advantages

• Minimal Bleeding
• Much quicker recovery
• Reduced hospital stay
• Lesser pain killer requirements
• Lower blood transfusion rates
• Improved preservation of physical appearance
• Three (3) D vision enables surgeon to perform Prostate excision with Cancer
• Control without risk of Post Surgery Continence (control over urinary and
• fecal discharge) and causing Impotency

What is Da Vinci master slave Robotic System?

Da Vinci master slave robotic system is used to completely eradicate cancer with minimal side effects for treating Prostate Cancer. Through this system a minimally invasive robot assisted radical prostatectomy technique has been developed in which doctors evolved a unique sequence of surgical steps.

The Da Vinci is a sophisticated master-slave robot that incorporates 3-D high definition visualization, scaling of movement, and wristed instrumentation. The operations with the Da Vinci System are performed with no direct mechanical connection between the surgeon and the patient. The surgeon is working a few feet away from the operating table, while seated at a computer console with a three-dimensional view of the operating field.

 How it is  performed ?

Robotic Prostatectomy, also known as Robotic surgery for prostate cancer or da Vinci Prostatectomy is a minimally invasive surgery that is now the preferred approach for removal of the prostate in those diagnosed with organ-confined prostate cancer. The da Vinci Prostatectomy may be the most effective, least invasive prostate surgery performed today. Though any diagnosis of cancer can be traumatic, the good news is that if your doctor recommends prostate surgery, the cancer was probably caught early. And, with da Vinci Prostatectomy, the likelihood of a complete recovery from prostate cancer without long-term side effects is, for most patients, better than it has ever been.

The operation is performed using the daVinci Surgical system and 3-D endoscopic and wristed instruments inserted through 5-6 small incisions across the mid-abdomen

UnbeatableAdvantages of Robotic Prostate Surgery over the Conventional Prostate Cancer Surgery
1) Usually in conventional approach, surgeons make decisions using tactile and visual cues to identify a phenomenon, which is actually microscopic which is likely to damage nerves or to leave cancer behind. In the Advanced Robotic Technique (ART) surgeons uses a sophisticated mastr slave robot that incorporates 3-D high definition vision, scaling of movement and wristed instrumentation that gives him the ability to perform Prostate excision with minimal risk of leaving the cancer behind and also minimal bleeding and post operative risk of incontinence and impotence.

2) Neither clinical nor imaging tests are sensitive enough to capture a tumour at T3 stage where it has become locally advanced and a risk for spreading to other body parts. Sometimes it is difficult for surgeons to find a precise plane between the cancer and urinary sphincter or the nerves and err on the side of cancer safety leading to incontinence or Impotence Da vinci robot system minimizes side effects thereby greater control for the patient over urinary discharge i.e. continence and return to normal sexual function after the surgery.

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World's Most Advanced Medical Treatment in India - HIFU is a great advancement over other prostate cancer treatment options

HIFU treatment uses high frequency ultrasound energy to heat and destroy cancer cells in your prostate gland. When high frequency sound waves are concentrated on body tissues, those tissues heat up and die. To use this as a cancer treatment, the specialist targets the area containing the cancer.

HIFU is a great advancement over other prostate cancer treatment options as this technique involves heating only the tumours with a highly focused ultrasound, will mean men can be treated without an overnight stay in hospital and avoiding the distressing side effects associated with current therapies.

If you have an enlarged prostate and your urologist (a doctor who specialises in identifying and treating conditions that affect the urinary system) recommends you for HIFU, you may be offered another type of treatment beforehand to shrink the gland. For example, you may be given hormone therapy, or a procedure called transurethral resection of the prostate.

What are the Alternatives to HIFU ?

The type of treatment you have for prostate cancer depends on whether the cancer has spread, and if so, how much. If you’re invited to take part in a clinical trial for HIFU, your surgeon will make sure you’re aware of the other treatment options that are available.

Alternative treatments for prostate cancer include the following : - 
• Watchful waiting – This involves monitoring the cancer, but not treating it unless it grows.
• Surgery – Your prostate may be removed using either open or keyhole surgery.
• Radiotherapy – This is where radiation is used to destroy cancer cells.
• Brachytherapy – This involves having small, radioactive seeds put into your prostate. There is also high-dose rate brachytherapy, in which radiation is put into your prostate for a few minutes at a time.
• Cryotherapy – Liquid gas is used to freeze and kill the cancer cells (but is only offered as part of a clinical trial).
Chemotherapy, which uses medicines to destroy cancer cells, and hormone therapy can be used to treat more advanced forms of prostate cancer.

Preparing for HIFU

Your surgeon will explain how to prepare for the procedure.
HIFU is usually done as a day-case procedure under general anaesthesia. This means you will be asleep during the procedure. If you’re having a general anaesthetic, you will be asked to follow fasting instructions. This means not eating or drinking, typically for about six hours beforehand. However, it’s important to follow your surgeon’s advice.

Your surgeon will discuss with you what will happen before, during and after your procedure, and any pain you might have. This is your opportunity to understand what will happen, and you can help yourself by preparing questions to ask about the risks, benefits and any alternatives to the procedure. This will help you to be informed, so you can give your consent for the procedure to go ahead, which you may be asked to do by signing a consent form.

What Happens During HIFU?
HIFU takes up to three hours, but this depends on the size of your prostate and how much of it is being treated. Your surgeon will pass a lubricated probe into your rectum. The probe gives out a beam of ultrasound, which your surgeon will focus so that it heats and destroys the area of prostate tissue where there is cancer. The probe will have a cooling balloon around it to protect nearby areas from the high temperature
.
Recovering from HIFU: -
If you’ve been prescribed antibiotics, it’s important to complete the full course. If you need pain relief, you can take over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen.

World's Most Advanced Medical Treatment in India - Get free Expert Medical Opinion and Treatment Estimate Cost

MedWorld India offer free, no obligation assistance to international patients to find world class medical treatment in India. A large number of people from all over the world are now traveling to India for top class medical treatment like Heart Surgery, Cancer Care, Spinal fusion surgery in India, sleeve gastrectomy surgery in India, and other major surgeries. India offers an unmatched cost and quality advantages because it has world class hospitals and globally trained and experienced surgeons across every specialty. Whether you are considering cervical disk replacement surgery, brain tumor surgery in India, heart valve replacement surgery, or prostate cancer treatment in India, we offer support and services to facilitate the care you require. We can help you find the best heart hospital in India, IVF hospital in India, or best cancer hospital in India.

The First step is to email your Medical Reports to us for an opinion from leading doctors in India. We will send you an expert medical opinion and estimate for the cost of your treatment from at least three leading hospitals in India. Once you decide, we help you schedule appointments, apply for a medical Visa and make the arrangements for your stay.

MedWorld India has a team of dedicated doctors who personally attend to all your queries. We are the only facilitators that appoint a personal doctor to the patient from the time of enquiry till the time the patient fully recovers. Your personal doctor will stay in constant contact with you, your local doctor and your medical team in India throughout your stay, and will relay information back to your loved ones. From initial registration of interest, to returning the patient back to his or her home country after the procedure and recuperation, MedWorld India will ensure the whole process is as smooth and stress-free as possible for its patients. We believe that timely, affordable and quality medical treatment is every human beings right. We are dedicated to this cause and strive to deliver the benefit and pleasure of medical care to people across the globe.

Our mission at MedWorld India is simple. We want to help you to safely and successfully receive your medical procedure(s) at a world-class healthcare facility for a fraction of the cost elsewhere.

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Most Advanced Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer : Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Knowing the various treatments for prostate cancer available and what the risks associated with each are is the first step in being informed about what will be one of the most important decisions of your life. The potential side effects of some of the treatments are too life altering to leave this decision to chance.

Have a discussion with your doctor. Ask questions about any side effects you need to be aware of. While your treatment options become less viable if your cancer has progressed beyond your prostate gland, it is important to be aware of what to expect after the treatment has been completed.

Here are some of the options open to you.

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Prostate Cancer Treatment India | Prostate Cancer Surgery at Best Cancer Hospital India - MedWorldIndia

Surgery

Surgical options available are as follows.

A complete prostatectomy where your entire prostate gland is removed     A lymph node dissection where only the nodes surrounding the urethra are removed     A transurethral resection is done in which small pieces of your prostate are removed

Each of the above procedures requires a hospital stay and you would be anesthetized and put under. They are effective in most cases although cancers have been known to return weeks or months afterward. As well, side effects can include urinary incontinence, impotence and infertility.

Radiotherapy

There are 2 common approaches to radiation therapy in treating prostate cancer, external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.

External beam radiotherapy is a procedure where a high energy radioactive source is used to project a beam at your prostate from a short distance outside your pelvic area. There is no anesthesia required and it is done on an out-patient basis. It is typically done on 5 consecutive days over a period of about 5 to 7 weeks.

Brachytherapy is the usage of about 100 to 150 small radioactive pellets or seeds. They are placed directly into your prostate with a syringe a few at a time; it usually takes up to 40 injections to implant them all. This procedure is painful and requires a general anesthetic.

These two procedures use radioactivity to burn away cancerous cells. Side effects include impotence, inflammation of the bladder and rectum and cancers have been known to return.

Chemotherapy

Drugs known to be toxic to cancerous cells are introduced to your body. It is used to slow cancerous growths and relieve pain. It is not a cure but it can be used to help patients where cures through other means are not possible.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)

HIFU is a procedure that uses sound waves to destroy cancerous cells. A focused ultrasound beam is aimed only at the regions of the prostate that are diseased with cancer. The cells targeted are destroyed using heat. Surrounding tissue is not affected by the beam and remains undamaged.

The entire prostate can be exposed to the ultrasound beam in about three hours. The procedure is done quickly and is effective in eradicating prostate cancer in over 90% of patients treated. Side effects are minimal resulting in urinary incontinence in only 5% of patients. Only 8% suffered urethral blockage and about 40% suffered sexual impotence. Impotence drops to 20% in patients whose cancer does not affect the prostate nerve.

These reasons alone make HIFU the choice you should make when thinking about prostate cancer treatment options.

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Most Advanced Robotic Prostate Surgery in India

Robotic Prostate Surgery Service - where a minimally invasive robot assisted radical prostatectomy technique eradicates prostate cancer with minimal post surgery complications

The mission of “Minimally Invasive Robotic Prostate Surgery Program” is to leverage latest technology to and treat prostate disease through small incision and great precision resulting in:

·  Shorter hospital stay, Faster recovery and return to normal activities

· Less pain and scarring , Reduced blood loss and need for blood transfusion

·  Reduction in the use of pain medicines, Decreased postoperative pain

Usually in conventional approach surgeons make decisions using tactile and visual cues to identify a phenomenon, which is actually microscopic which is likely to damage nerves or to leave some cancer behind.  Sometimes it is difficult for surgeons to find a precise plane between the cancer and urinary sphincter or the nerves and err on the side of cancer safety leading to incontinence or Impotence

Highly trained Indian surgeons who have worked for decades at some of the global centres of excellence now use Advanced Robotic technique gives surgeon a sophisticated master slave robot that seamlessly translates the surgeon's movements at the computer console into precise, real-time movements of the surgical instruments inside the patient. This ensures that the Prostate is removed excellent outcomes and minimal chances of cancer left behind after the surgery.

If you're young and in good health, the short-term risks of this surgery are low. The hospital stay is usually 2 to 3 days, with the catheter left in place for 2 to 3 weeks. You're usually able to go back to work in about 1 month. You shouldn't have severe pain with this surgery. Most men regain bladder control a few weeks to several months after the surgery.

The main advantage of surgery is that it offers the most certain treatment. That is, if all of the cancer is removed during surgery, you are probably cured. Also, the surgery provides your doctor with accurate information about how advanced your cancer is, since the nearby lymph nodes are taken out along with the tumor.

 Surgery does have risks. The main risks of radical prostatectomy are incontinence (loss of bladder control) and impotence (loss of the ability to get or keep an erection long enough to have sex). Most bladder and impotence problems improve with time.

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Prostatectomy Surgery Options in India : Types of Prostatectomy

A surgical approach to treating prostate cancer will remove all or part of the prostate. Typically, men with early-stage disease or cancer that’s confined to the prostate will undergo radical prostatectomy—removal of the entire prostate gland, plus some surrounding tissue. Other surgical procedures may be performed on men with advanced or recurrent disease.

In the most common type of prostatectomy—radical retropubic prostatectomy—an incision is made in the abdomen and the prostate is removed from behind the pubic bone. The surgeon then stitches the urethra directly to the bladder so urine is able to flow. 

Because it typically takes a few days for the body to get used to this new setup, the surgeon will insert a catheter, or tube, into the bladder. Urine will flow automatically out of the bladder, down the urethra, and into a collection bag without the need for conscious control of the sphincter. The catheter is usually kept in place for about a week to 10 days.

Another type of surgery, known as radical perineal prostatectomy, which includes removal of tissues near the gland, usually cures prostate cancer if the surgery removes all the malignant cells. The incision is usually made through the lower abdomen (retropubic) but also can be made in the groin (perineal). Typically, general anesthesia is used and the patient remains in the hospital for two to four days following surgery. Full recovery may require one month or more. 

Partial prostatectomy is generally a treatment for enlargement of the prostate, which is common after age 50. It can also be used to reduce pain and ease urination in men with advanced prostate cancer.

Complications from prostatectomy are those associated with any surgery, including infection and bleeding. Other complications vary depending on the age and health of the man, type of surgery and experience of the surgeon. Two primary concerns men have about radical prostatectomy are the possibilities of impotence and incontinence. Patients can retain sexual function if nerves are not injured during the surgery. Urinary incontinence is usually temporary but bladder problems can continue for years. Radical prostatectomy does cause sterility, but there are procedures that may allow a man to father children, if desired.

Procedure

Before the procedure the bladder and urethra may be numbed (local anesthesia), body below the waist may be numbed (regional anesthesia), or the patient may be completely asleep (general anesthesia). The procedure itself usually takes about 45 minutes. The doctor inserts a cystoscope (a thin, tubelike telescope) through the urethral opening in the penis and into the urethra. The doctor can view the urethra and prostate, either through the cystoscope or on a video monitor. The laser is inserted through the cystoscope to the area of the prostate. The laser is then used to destroy excess prostate tissue.

Following prostatectomy will vary depending on the type of surgery performed: -

• Radical prostatectomy (retropubic or perineal) : - This surgery may require the patient to stay hospitalized for two or three days and miss work for three to five weeks. The catheter may remain for one to three weeks. When the patient urinates, the fluid flows through the plastic tube and collects in a bag for disposal.

• Laparoscopic prostatectomy : - Long-term experience with laparoscopic prostatectomy is not yet available. This surgery may require a hospital stay of only one day. Some physicians and patients report that it involves fewer complications, less pain and faster recovery than open surgery.

• Partial (simple) prostatectomy (transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP] or transurethral incision of the prostate [TUIP]) : - Generally, a patient is discharged from the hospital after a day or two and can return to work in a week or two. A catheter placed through the urethra is used for a few days to drain urine from the bladder. TUIP does not always require a hospital stay.
  

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Cyberknife Radiosurgery for Prostate Cancer : Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

The challenge that doctors face in treating prostate tumors with radiation therapy is that the prostate moves unpredictably as air passes through the rectum and as the bladder empties and fills. Minimizing any large movements of the prostate can help reduce unnecessary irradiation of surrounding healthy tissue. The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is able to overcome this challenge by continuously identifying the exact location of the prostate and making active corrections for any movement of the prostate throughout the course of the treatment. During treatment, a patient lays still and breathes normally while the CyberKnife zeroes in on a moving target – the prostate – and irradiates it without harming surrounding areas. As a result, the procedure is more comfortable for patients, radiation is delivered more accurately and treatments can be completed in four to five days.

Currently the CyberKnife Radiosurgery System is most frequently used by itself for patients with early stage prostate cancer confined to the prostate or in combination with another therapy, such as external beam radiation for patients with disease that extends beyond the prostate. Depending on the stage of the patient’s prostate cancer the doctor will recommend a treatment plan. 

What does a typical CyberKnife treatment entail?
Prostate cancer treatment with the CyberKnife System involves a team approach, in which several specialists participate. A team may include:

·         a urologist

·         a radiation oncologist

·         a medical physicist

·         a radiation therapist 

·         medical support staff

Once the team is in place, the patient will begin preparations for CyberKnife treatment. As part of their diagnosis, doctors will have measured prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels via a blood test that will be used to help track treatment results. Prior to CyberKnife treatment, patients will be scheduled for a short outpatient procedure in which three to five tiny gold seeds – called fiducial markers – are inserted into the prostate. The fiducials are placed through a needle, which is guided via an ultrasound. Patients may be asked to clean out their rectum with an enema the day of the fiducial placement.

The CyberKnife System uses the fiducials as reference points to identify the exact location of the prostate. Doctors will wait approximately one week after insertion of the fiducials before CyberKnife treatment planning can begin to ensure that fiducial movement has stabilized.

Prior to the treatment, a special custom-fit body cradle will be made. The cradle is made of a soft material that molds to the patient’s body, ensuring that the patient is in the same position for each treatment session and is comfortable during the procedure.

While lying in the cradle, patients will undergo a CT scan. This CT data will be used by the CyberKnife team to determine the exact size, shape and location of the prostate. An MRI scan also may be necessary to fully visualize the prostate and nearby anatomy. Once the imaging is done, the body cradle will be stored and used during CyberKnife treatment.

A treatment plan will be specifically designed by a medical physicist in conjunction with the patient’s doctors. Patients will not need to be present at this time. During treatment planning, CT and/or MRI data will be downloaded into the CyberKnife System’s treatment planning software. The medical team will determine the size of the area being targeted by radiation and the radiation dose, as well as identifying critical structures – such as the bladder and rectum – where radiation should be minimized.

At this time, the CyberKnife System will be able to calculate the optimal radiation delivery plan to treat the prostate. Each patient’s unique treatment plan will take full advantage of the CyberKnife System’s extreme maneuverability, allowing for a safe and accurate prostate cancer treatment. After the treatment plan is developed, patients return to the CyberKnife center for treatment. The treatment is usually delivered in one to five sessions.

For most patients, the CyberKnife treatment is a completely pain-free experience. They may dress comfortably in street clothes, and the CyberKnife center may allow patients to bring music to listen to during the treatment. Patients also may want to bring something to read or listen to during any waiting time, and have a friend or family member with them to provide support before and after treatment.

The CyberKnife System’s computer-controlled robot will move around the patient’s body to various locations from which it will deliver radiation. At each position, the robot will stop. Then, special software will determine precisely where the radiation should be delivered. Nothing will be required of the patient during the treatment, except to relax and lay as still as possible.

Once prostate cancer treatment is complete, most patients quickly return to their daily routines with little interruption to their normal activities. If treatment is being delivered in stages, patients will need to return for additional treatments over the next several days as determined by their doctors.

Advantages of CyberKnife Radio Surgery Over Other Radio surgery Methods

• The CyberKnife system is able to locate tumors within the body without the use of an invasive stereotactic headframe used with other systems. This is much more convenient and less traumatic for patients.
  
• While other forms of radiosurgery can only treat tumors in the head, Cyberknife can treat tumours anywhere in the body- brain, spine, liver, lungs, pancreas, kidney or prostrate.
  
• While other forms of radio surgery treatment techniques need rigid head-frames screwed to the patient's head for controlling movement, which is painful and cumbersome for the patient, CyberKnife does not require such extreme procedures to keep patients in place, and instead relies on sophisticated tracking software, allowing for a much more comfortable and non-invasive treatment.
  
• The CyberKnife System can essentially "paint" the tumor with radiation allowing it to precisely deliver treatment to the tumor alone, sparing surrounding healthy tissue.

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Robotic Surgery for Prostate Cancer at World Best Hospitals in India

Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the prostate. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds the urethra. The prostate gland produces fluid that is one of the components of semen. Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin malignancy in men and is responsible for more deaths than any other cancer, except for lung cancer. Prevalence of prostate cancer is very high in the world - about 1 man in 6 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime, but only 1 man in 34 will die of it.

Treatment options and prognosis depend on the stage of the cancer and the patient’s age and general health. With greater public awareness, early detection is on the rise and mortality rates are declining. Additionally, new advances in medical technology are enabling cancer patients to return to active and productive lives after their treatment.

The Da Vinci Robotic Prostate treatment in India.

Robotic surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery. “Minimally invasive” means that instead of operating on patients through large incisions, we use miniaturized surgical instruments that fit through a series of quarter-inch incisions. When performing surgery with the da Vinci Si—the world’s most advanced surgical robot—these miniaturized instruments are mounted on three separate robotic arms, allowing the surgeon maximum range of motion and precision. The da Vinci’s fourth arm contains a magnified high-definition 3-D camera that guides the surgeon during the procedure.

 In prostate cancer treatment, millimeters matter. Nerve fibers and blood vessels are attached to the prostate gland. To spare these nerves, they must be delicately and precisely separated from the prostate before its removal. Surgeons use the precision, vision and control provided by da Vinci to assist them in removal of the cancerous prostate while preserving important nerves and blood vessels. In terms of cancer control da Vinci Prostatectomy has shown equal or lower rates of positive surgical margins i.e. meaning margins with cancer cells left behind. Other great concerns for prostate cancer patients: urinary continence and sexual function after treatment. Studies show patients who undergo a da Vinci Prostatectomy may experience a faster return of urinary continence following surgery and a lower rate of urinary pain than radiation (brachytherapy) patients. Several studies also show that patients who are potent prior to surgery have experienced a high level of recovery of sexual function (defined as an erection for intercourse) within a year following da Vinci Surgery.

Robotic Surgery used to treat the following conditions :-

 1. Radical prostatectomy for cancer prostate

2. Pyeloplasty

3. Partial Nephrectomy

4. Radical Cystectomy with Orthotropic Neobladder Or Ileal Conduit

5. Nephroureterectomy

6.Ureterolysis In Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Men of African ancestry have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer !!!

There are a few types of prostate cancer and the condition is often present in different parts of the prostate. The precursor to prostate cancer is known as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and is also found in different locations within the prostate.

Benignprostatic hyperplasia (BPH): This is a benign (non-cancerous) type of tumor of the prostate.  The prostate grows larger and squeezes the urethra.  This prevents the normal flow of urine.  BPH is a very common problem.  For some men the symptoms may be severe enough to need treatment or surgery.

Prostatic adenocarcinoma: This type of tumor is the most frequent form of prostate cancer and accounts for 90 to 95% of prostate cancer.  Prostatic adenocarcinoma is occurring in the cells lining the glandular organ of the prostate, the area responsible for the secretion of the chemicals that make up a large portion of seminal fluid.  The most common site of origin of prostate cancer is the peripheral zone where two thirds of the prostate glandular tissue is located.  Typically, prostatic adenocarcinoma is a slow growing form of cancer, and when found early there is a good chance of achieving cures.

Small cell carcinoma:  This type of cancer is made of small round cells. It is a very aggressive form of prostate cancer that does not lead to a change in prostate specific antigen (PSA).  It thus can be more difficult to detect than adenocarcinoma.  The small cell carcinoma has usually reached an advanced form upon detection.

Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of prostate cancer is non glandular and like small cell carcinoma does not lead to an increase in prostate specific antigens (PSA).  Squamous cell carcinoma is a very aggressive form of cancer.

Prostaticsarcomas: This type of cancer is extremely rare and account for less than 0.1% of primary prostate cancer.  Prostatic sarcoma occurs in relatively younger men between the ages of 35 and 60.  The tumor is made up of prostate cancer cell types that are capable of developing into connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels originating from smooth muscles of the prostate.

Twenty-five percent of cases present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Prostatic sarcoma remains localized for a viable period of time before it spreads locally to the bladder, rectum or perineum. Over more time the tumor will spread to distant locations like the lungs, brain, bones or liver. The most common sites of distant metastasis are the lungs.

Transitional cell carcinomas: This type of cancer rarely develops in the prostate but derives from primary tumors present in the bladder or urethra.

Prostate Cancer – Causes and Risk Factors

There is not a known single cause of prostate cancer.  In general, most cancers are the result of many risk factors.  However, some men with prostate cancer do not have any identifiable risk factors.

Independent factors include:

• Men over 65: prostate cancer is not very common in men under 50.

• African ancestry:  Men of African ancestry have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer.   They have about a 60% higher rate of prostate cancer than Caucasian men.  Men of African ancestry are more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age and with more aggressive and advanced tumor.

• Family history: the risk of developing prostate cancer is higher if a first-degree relative (father or brother) has been diagnosed with the disease.  Men are at the most risk if more than one relative has been diagnosed and if the relatives were diagnosed at a younger age.  The risk doubles if a man’s father had the disease, and if a brother had it, the risk triples; hereditary prostate cancer typically begins among a cluster of relatives before age 55.

Dependent risk factors include: 
• High-fat diet: a diet high in fat, especially animal fat, may increase the risk of prostate cancer.  
• Exposure to cadmium:  Cadmium is a metallic element known to cause cancer and is a possible risk factor for prostate cancer.

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