Low Cost Colon Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India

Diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer are usually done when:

• The symptoms of colorectal cancer are present

• The doctor suspects colorectal cancer after talking with a person about their health and completing a physical examination

• Screening tests suggest a problem with the colon or rectum

Many of the same tests used to initially diagnose cancer are also used to determine the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. Tests may include the following.

Medical history and physical examination The medical history is a record of present symptoms, risk factors and all the medical events and problems a person has had in the past. The medical history of a person's family may also help the doctor to diagnose colorectal cancer. In taking a medical history, the doctor will ask questions about: a personal history of polyps in the colon or rectum inflammatory bowel disease colorectal cancer a family history of colorectal cancer familial adenomatous polyposis hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (also known as Lynch syndrome) signs and symptoms Tumour marker tests Tumour markers are substances – usually proteins – in the blood that may indicate the presence of colorectal cancer. Tumour marker tests are used to check a person's response to cancer treatment, but they can also be used to diagnose colorectal cance Colonoscopy A colonoscopy is a procedure that lets the doctor look at the lining of the colon using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end (an endoscope). A colonoscopy is preferred over a flexible sigmoidoscopy because the entire colon can be checked for polyps or abnormal areas. A colonoscopy is done in a hospital on an outpatient basis. The doctor gently inserts the colonoscope (a type of endoscope) through the anus and slowly moves it into the rectum and colon. The colon is inflated with air to stretch out the lining so the doctor can look at the entire surface. This can be uncomfortable, so drugs are given to help the person relax during the procedure. Biopsy During a biopsy, tissues or cells are removed from the body so they can be tested in a laboratory. The pathology report from the laboratory will confirm whether or not cancer cells are present in the sample and may also identify the type of cancer. A biopsy is the only definite way to diagnose colorectal cancer. Biopsies of polyps or abnormal areas are taken during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. A biopsy sample will allow the doctor to find out the type of colorectal cancer and the grade. Biopsy results may also show how far the cancer has grown through the wall of the colon or rectum. Computed tomography (CT) scan A CT scan uses special x-ray equipment to make 3-dimensional and cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels inside the body. A computer turns the images into detailed pictures. It is used to: check if the cancer has spread to other organs in the abdomen or pelvis (small areas of spread [microscopic spread] may not be detected by CT scan) check if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen check how far the tumour has grown into the wall of the colon or, especially, the rectum CT-guided needle biopsy CT scans may also be used to help guide a needle to perform a biopsy (CT-guided needle biopsy) to check for cancer cells in a tumour in the colon or a suspected area of metastasis (cancer spread outside of the colon or rectum). Virtual colonoscopy Virtual colonoscopy uses a CT scan to create images of the colon without having to insert an endoscope through the rectum. A virtual colonoscopy is less invasive and more comfortable than a regular colonoscopy. Studies are continuing to examine the effectiveness of this test.  Ultrasound Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of structures in the body. Endorectal ultrasound (EUS or ERUS) uses a special instrument (transducer) that is inserted into the rectum. It is used to see: how far a tumour has grown into the rectal wall if the tumour has spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes Abdominal ultrasound may be done to see if the cancer has spread to other organs in the abdomen, such as the liver. Pelvic ultrasound may be done if doctors suspect that the cancer has spread to the urinary tract. An ultrasound may also be used during abdominal surgery. The surgeon can place the transducer directly on the liver to check for metastases. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan A PET scan uses radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to detect changes in the metabolic activity of body tissues. A computer analyzes the radioactive patterns and makes 3-dimensional colour images of the area being scanned. PET scans are not routinely used to diagnose colorectal cancer. They are more commonly used to help stage and check for recurrent disease if a person's CEA level starts to rise following treatment. PET scans are not readily available at all centres. For more information visit:          http://www.medworldindia.com                           https://www.facebook.com/medworld.india Please scan and email your medical reports  to us at care@medworldindia.com and we shall get you a Free Medical Opinion from India’s Best Doctors. Call Us : +91-9811058159 Mail Us : care@medworldindia.com

Bone Marrow Transplant at World Best Hospitals in India

A large number of foreign patients now come to India for Live Related Organ Transplant Surgery like Kidney Transplants, Liver Transplants and Bone Marrow Transplants. Organ Transplantation is a very complex surgical specialty and requires very high degree of Clinical skills and Medical Technology and Infrastructure. India has now become the most preferred destination for organ transplant procedures. These include Liver, Kidney and Bone marrow transplant surgeries. .Not only the cost is low; the success rate of organ transplant in India is at par with the world's best success rate for organ transplant.
Since Organ Transplantation is a very complex surgical specialty and requires very high degree of Clinical skills and Medical Technology, and Indian surgeons and healthcare has proven its competence, there has been a great surge in the number of medical tourists coming to India for various organ transplants. The Infrastructure and technology used at these best organ transplant hospitals in India is the most sophisticated technology available in the world, which results in better patient recovery, higher success rate, low cost and convenience to the patient.

Bone Marrow Transplant
Stem cells produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In some cases, stem cells in your bone marrow may not be functioning well or need to be destroyed to help treat a disease. If this happens, you will need new stem cells.
During this procedure, healthy stem cells are taken from a donor's:·         Bone marrow (bone marrow transplant or BMT)
·         Blood (peripheral blood stem cell or PBSC)


The stem cells will be injected into your vein. The new cells travel through the bloodstream to your bone cavities. It may take about a month for the donor stem cells in the bone marrow to begin to function fully. If the transplant is successful, new bone marrow cells will produce healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Stem cell transplantation may be done using:·         Stem cells that were taken from your own bone marrow or blood and stored
·         Stem cells from a donor

How Bone Marrow Transplant would be donePrior to procedure the donor will be carefully tested to check for diseases. Both you and the donor will be tested to ensure that your tissues are compatible. In order for the transplant to be successful, certain markers, called HLS types, on the blood cells and bone marrow cells must match.

As the recipient, you will be given medicines to suppress your immune system. This is to prevent your body from rejecting the donor stem cells. In the weeks prior to the transplant, you may have to have:
·Chemotherapy
·Radiation therapy



This process is called "conditioning." It will rid the body of diseased cells and clear the bone marrow cavities for the new bone marrow.

If the stem cells will be from the donor's bone marrow (BMT), the doctor will clean an area of the donor's hip. A hollow needle and     syringe will be used to remove the bone marrow.The doctor will make several small punctures. This is to harvest enough bone marrow for the transplant (1-2 quarts). Lastly, the wounds will be covered with bandages.
If the stem cells will be from the donor's blood (PBSC), the doctor will stick a needle in the donor's large vein or veins in the arms. A machine will receive blood from the vein. This machine will spin the blood so that the stem cells are concentrated. The rest of the blood will be given back to the donor. The doctor will cover the puncture wounds with bandages. This procedure may require more than one blood donation. The donor may also be required to take pills that cause more stem cells from the bone marrow to go into the blood.
The donated stem cells will be filtered. Next, the doctor will administer the cells through a small, flexible tube, called a catheter, into one of your large veins.
Immediately after procedure the donor will recover quickly. You, the recipient, will be placed in isolation. This is to avoid infection until the new stem cells in the bone marrow begin to produce infection-fighting cells.

Recovery
The new bone marrow normally takes almost a year in order to function normally. During this period the patient is to be monitored closely to identify any infections or complications that may develop. The recovery process continues for several months or longer after discharging from the hospital, during which time the patient cannot return to work or many previously enjoyed activities.

MedWorld India Affiliated Hospitals in India the Leading Destination for Organ Transplant Surgery
·         Indian doctors are known all over the world for their skill and knowledge and have the experience of studying and working at the best hospitals in the world.

·         India's leading liver transplant centre conducts perhaps the world's highest number of liver transplants (16 to 18 every month)
·         The hospital has a special centre for liver diseases amongst children and liver transplants for children . Highly skilled surgical teams with vast experience and excellent track record of doing largest numbers of Live related donor kidney and liver transplants with survival rates comparable to world's best centers.
·         Most advanced Technology Infrastructure - Blood Bank with 24 hour apharesis facility, advanced laboratory and microbiology (infection control) support, advanced cardiology, DSA and interventionalradiology, portable and colour ultra-sonology, Liver Fibro-scan, 64 slice CT scanner, 3 T MRI, PET-CT and nephrology (including 24 hour dialysis and CVVHD) facilities. Organ Transplant Hospitals in India are now equipped with the latest and high end technology


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Surgery is the Primary Treatment for Breast Cancer - Best Cancer Hospital in India

Breast Surgery

Surgery is used to:

• potentially cure the cancer by completely removing the tumour

• determine if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes

• treat a local recurrence of breast cancer

• the size and location of the breast tumour

• the size of the breast itself

• how many areas of cancer there are in the same breast (multifocal disease)

• whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and the number of lymph nodes involved

• the woman’s overall health

• factors like the woman’s choice of surgery or her ability to travel for treatment

• prior treatments for breast cancer

• breast-conserving surgery (BCS)
  This type of surgery may also be called lumpectomy.

• mastectomy

• sentinel lymph node biopsy

• axillary lymph node dissection

• Compared to the size of the breast, the tumour is small enough that the surgeon can safely remove all the cancer and a margin of healthy tissue around it.
  In some very select situations, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink a large breast tumour enough to allow BCS to be done instead of a mastectomy.

• The woman wants to keep as much of her breast as possible.

• If no cancer cells are found in the edges of the removed tissue, it is reported as clear or negative margins.

• If cancer cells are found, it is reported as positive margins.
  
  With positive margins, another operation will need to be done. It will either be another BCS to remove more breast tissue from the same surgical site or a mastectomy. This second operation is needed because cancer left behind after BCS can lead to a recurrence.

• The woman prefers to have a mastectomy.

• The area of cancer is large compared to the size of the breast.

• The tumour has a shape or is in a location that would leave little breast tissue or a deformed breast if BCS was done.

• The cancer is in more than one area of the breast.

• BCS has been done and the tissue removed has cancer cells (positive margins).

• The woman has inflammatory breast cancer.

• The woman has already had radiation therapy to the breast.

• The woman cannot or does not want to have radiation therapy after BCS because:

• A disability or condition (such as arthritis) prevents her from lying flat or stretching out the arm during radiation treatment.

• She has a connective tissue disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (the immune system attacks the body’s own tissue and organs) or scleroderma (thickening and hardening of the skin). These diseases make radiation treatment unsuitable because there is an increased chance of side effects.

• Some women may find it too difficult to go for daily radiation treatments that are needed after BCS or do not want to have to deal with the possible side effects from radiation therapy.

• A pregnant woman may be advised to have a mastectomy because they cannot have radiation therapy to treat breast cancer during pregnancy.

• The breast cancer is very early stage (non-invasive, in situ, stage 0) and has not spread to the surrounding lymph nodes.

• The woman has a high risk of developing breast cancer and wishes to reduce her risk by removing her breasts (prophylactic mastectomy).

The type of surgery done depends mainly on:

The types of surgery for breast cancer are:

The surgeon will discuss possible surgical options and the risks and benefits of each type of procedure. In most cases, a woman will be given the choice between breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy.

Breast-conserving surgery

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is an operation that removes the tumour and some of the healthy tissue around it. This type of surgery allows a woman to keep, or conserve, as much of her breast as possible. Often the breast is a little different after BCS, but the changes are often not very noticeable. After surgery, the breast is smaller, slightly different in shape and slightly firmer. In most cases, BCS will be followed by radiation therapy.

BCS is considered an option if:

Procedure for breast-conserving surgery

BCS is most frequently done using general anaesthetic. A cut (incision) is made over or near the breast tumour and the lump or abnormality is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue.

The skin is closed with stitches (sutures) or special staples and a bandage or dressing covers the wound. Stitches or staples are removed once the incision has healed. Some stitches dissolve on their own.

The removed breast tissue is sent to a laboratory. A pathologist (a doctor who specializes in the causes and nature of disease) examines the edges of the tissue sample for cancer cells.

Mastectomy

A mastectomy is an operation that removes the entire breast. Reconstructive surgery may be done at the same time as a mastectomy or later as a separate surgery.

Mastectomy may be recommended as a treatment option in some cases if:

Types of mastectomy

The 3 different types of mastectomy are:

Total mastectomy

A total mastectomy (simple mastectomy) removes the entire breast, the nipple and the lining over the chest muscles (pectoral fascia). The lymph nodes, nerves and muscle in the chest are left in place.

A total mastectomy may be done if:

If breast reconstruction is being considered at the same time as the surgery to remove the cancer, a skin-sparing mastectomy may be an option for some women. A skin-sparing mastectomy is like a total mastectomy except that it preserves the skin overlying the breast. This allows for breast reconstruction to take place with minimal visible scarring.

Modified radical mastectomy

A modified radical mastectomy removes the entire breast, the nipple, most or all of the lymph nodes in the armpit and the lining over the chest muscles (pectoral fascia). Nerves and muscles are usually left in place.

Radical mastectomy

A radical mastectomy removes the entire breast, the nipple, all of the lymph nodes in the armpit and the muscles in the chest. This type of mastectomy is seldom done anymore. It may be done if a woman has a recurrence of breast cancer in the chest muscles.

Procedure for mastectomy

Mastectomy is done under general anesthetic. One or more drains (plastic or rubber tubes) may be put into the area where the breast was or under the arm to remove blood and lymph fluid that collects during healing. The skin is closed with stitches (sutures) or special staples and a bandage or dressing covers the wound (incision).

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India's leading Cancer hospitals now have some of the world's moset advanced radiation equipment : Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

The pancreas is in the upper abdomen and lies behind the stomach and intestines (guts). The shape of the pancreas is like a tadpole, and so the pancreas has a 'head', a 'body' and a 'tail'. The head section is nearest to the duodenum (the part of the gut just after the stomach). The pancreas makes a fluid that contains enzymes (chemicals) that are needed to digest food. The enzymes are made in the pancreatic cells and are passed into tiny ducts (tubes). These ducts join together like branches of a tree to form the main pancreatic duct. This drains the enzyme-rich fluid into the duodenum. The enzymes are in an inactive form in the pancreas (otherwise they would digest the pancreas). They are 'activated' in the duodenum to digest food.

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer 

In most of the cases the tumour first develops in the head of the pancreas and it tends to block the bile duct. This stops the flow of bile into the duodenum which leads to :

• Jaundice (yellow skin caused by bile seeping into the bloodstream due to the blockage).
• Dark urine - caused by the jaundiced blood being filtered by the kidneys.
• Pale faeces - as the faeces contain no bile which causes their normal brown colour.
• Pain is often not a feature at first. Therefore a 'painless jaundice' that becomes worse is often the first sign of pancreatic cancer. Nausea and vomiting are also fairly common symptoms..
• Pain in the upper abdomen. Pain can also pass through to the back.

Diagnosis Of Pancreatic Cancer 

The initial tests revolve around the symptoms of Jaundice to confirm if its because of blocked gallstone or hepatitis (liver inflammation) or if the cause of jaundice is a blockage from the head of the pancreas..

• CT scan (computerised tomography) is a commonly used test to assess pancreatic cancer. It is a specialised X-ray test that can give quite clear pictures of the inside of your body.

• MRI scan is sometimes done. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. An MRI scan uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create pictures on a computer of tissues, organs and other structures inside your body.

• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). An endoscope (gastroscope) is a thin, flexible, telescope. It is passed through the mouth, into the oesophagus and stomach and on into the duodenum. The endoscope contains fibre optic channels which allows light to shine down so the doctor or nurse can see inside. Some endoscopes are fitted with a tiny ultrasound scanner at their tip which can obtain pictures of structures behind the gut such as the pancreas.
• Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a test that uses a flexible scope inserted through the nose, stomach, and into the pancreas and may be used to introduce a dye for X-rays or to place a stent (a metal or plastic tube that can help keep a duct open and functioning)

• Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): a type of MRI that is used to see the pancreas, its ducts, and the bile ducts more clearly, often used before or instead of ERCP.

                                             

Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer 

Surgery - One of the following types of surgery may be used to take out the tumor:

Whipple procedure: A surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, and the bile duct are removed. Care is taken to preserve pancreas to produce digestive juices and insulin.

Total Pancreatectomy: This surgery removes the whole pancreas, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, the common bile duct, the gallbladder, the spleen and nearby lymph nodes.

Distal Pancreatectomy: The body and the tail of the pancreas and usually the spleen are removed. If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, the following types of palliative surgery may be done to relieve symptoms:

Surgical Biliary Bypass: If cancer is blocking the small intestine and bile is building up in the gallbladder, a biliary bypass may be done. During this operation, the doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct and sew it to the small intestine to create a new pathway around the blocked area.

Endoscopic Stent placement: If the tumor is blocking the bile duct, surgery may be done to put in a stent (a thin tube) to drain bile that has built up in the area. The doctor may place the stent through a catheter that drains to the outside of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into the small intestine.

Gastric Bypass: If the tumor is blocking the flow of food from the stomach, the stomach may be sewn directly to the small intestine so the patient can continue to eat normally.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body

Radiation therapy

India's leading Cancer hospitals now have some of the world's moset advanced radiation equipment like Linac, Novelis, Gamma Knife and Cyberknife for treating Pancreatic Cancers. High technology radiation is used to kill cancer cells without affecting the healthy tissues

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Uterine Cancer Symptoms & Treatment : Best Cancer Hospitals in India

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

The most common cancer of a reproductive system of a woman is known as uterine cancer. This cancer starts in cell layers that form the lining of the uterus. This cancer can be detected in its early stage as it causes abnormal vaginal bleeding. The surgical removal of the uterus can cure uterine cancer.

Types of Uterine Cancer :- 

Sarcoma: Sarcoma cancer grows in the supporting tissues of the uterine glands or in the myometrium. This cancer accounts for 2-4% of uterine cancers.

Adenocarcinoma: This cancer is considered as the main type of uterine cancer that grows from the cells in the uterus lining. Endometrial cancer is the other name of this cancer.

The Symptoms of Uterine Cancer include :

• Unusual Vaginal Bleeding or Discharge
• Trouble Urinating
• Pelvic Pain
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen

Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

A pelvic exam is performed by the doctors checking the vagina, uterus, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). An instrument called a speculum is used to widen the vagina so the doctor can see the upper portion of the vagina and the cervix.

The Pap Smear test is often performed during a pelvic exam Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor uses a wooden scraper (spatula) or small brush to collect a sample of cells from the cervix and upper vagina. The cells are then sent to a medical laboratory to be checked for abnormal changes. Because uterine cancer begins inside the uterus, it may not show up on a Pap test, which examines cells from the cervix.

A biopsy may be needed for a definitive diagnosis where the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the uterine lining. In some cases, a woman may require a dilation and curettage (D&C), which is usually a day care procedure. During a D&C, the opening of the cervix is widened and the doctor scrapes tissue from the lining of the uterus. A pathologist examines the tissue to check for cancer cells, hyperplasia, or other conditions.

Common Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) Symptoms

•   Abnormal bleeding- heavy bleeding between periods, or heavy bleeding  during irregular periods
•    Pain during intercourse, pelvic pain or pain in the legs or back
•    Difficulty urinating or pain during urination
•    Enlarged uterus , Vaginal discharge and or unexplained weight loss

Surgical Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

Surgery is the best option when Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) is diagnosed in its very early stages. At this time, the location and the stage of cancer make removal easy. Sometimes patients are treated with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. Laparoscopy Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy - involves the minimally invasive or open surgery to remove the uterus. If required teh surgeon may decide to remove both ovaries and the fallopian tubes if there is a risk of Endometrial cancer spread to the ovaries. 

In most cases, uterine cancer is an Adenocarcinoma that metastasizes late, usually from the endometrium to the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other peritoneal structures. It may spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and the brain, through the blood or the lymphatic system. In such cases advanced tratement post Hystrectomy like Chemotherapy and Radiation are advised



Chemotherapy 

Involves modern cancer drugs that are administered intravenously or orally to kill cancer cells and to reduce the chances of the tumour returning elsewhere in the body.


Radiation therapy 

India's leading Cancer hospitals now have some of the world's moset advanced radiation equipment like Linac, Novelis, Gamma Knife and Cyberknife for treating Colon rectal Cancers. High technology radiation is used to kill cancer cells without affecting the healthy tissues. Radiation may be used to reduce the tumor prior to surgery or to obviate the symptoms of colorectal cancer such as pain, bleeding, or blockage.

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Pros and Cons of HIFU Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

HIFU prostate cancer treatment is one of the most rapidly growing treatment methods around the world.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in men. In the early stages, medication might be used to treat the condition. However, if the cancer tumor spreads, then surgery might be needed.

People dread going for surgery as there are notorious side effects like impotence and urinary incontinence associated with prostate cancer surgeries. But with the introduction of HIFU, things have changed.

HIFU stands for High Intensity Focused Ultrasound. The advantage of using HIFU prostate cancer treatment is that it is very precise and does not come with side effects like with traditional surgery procedures. In this treatment method, high intensity ultrasound waves are used to destroy the cancer cells.

Pros and Cons of HIFU Prostate Cancer Treatment:

Ultrasound waves are focused on the diseased location. The temperature at that location rises up to 90 degree celcius in just a few seconds time. This rapid heating causes the cancer cells to be burned up and destroyed. The success rate of HIFU prostate cancer treatment is similar to other surgeries, but. That is the reason for the suddenly rising popularity of this treatment method.

The patient will not require very long hospital stay. In most cases, he can walk out the same day the operation is performed. In HIFU prostate cancer treatment, the patient is given local anesthetic and then a probe is inserted through his anus. The whole process takes anywhere from 2 to 4 hours. At the end of this, the patient can walk out of the hospital without the enlarged prostate.

However, there are certain downsides to HIFU prostate cancer treatment. First of all, it is very costly. So everybody cannot afford it. Secondly, only those patients can be treated whose cancer has not spread outside of the prostate gland. Another drawback is that this treatment is relatively new and there is not much statistical data yet on its long term success. Although the results published so far have been very promising, there might be some side effects which have not come to light as yet.

For this reason, HIFU prostate cancer treatment is not yet approved in United States by the FDA. It is however approved in various other countries like China, Japan, Mexico, European nations etc. It may take another few years before FDA finally agrees to allow this treatment in USA.

Quite often, patients successfully treated with HIFU might not have required any surgery at all. They might have been perfect candidates for ‘watchful waiting’, in which doctors wait and carefully monitor the growth of prostate cancer before beginning treatment.

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Advanced Technology for Brain Tumor : Best Cancer Hospitals in India offer the World's Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment in India

Indian Hospital are providing comprehensive medical and surgical care for patients with disorders of the brain, brain tumor surgery is routinely carried out with results at par with the best centers globally. As we all know that India is now becoming a medical hub and a growing destination for Brain Tumor surgery. Hospitals of brain tumor surgery India provides international quality of medical healthcare services by the best brain surgeons in India who are equipped with the most advanced medical treatment and brain tumor healing techniques. 

Brain tumor is one an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grows and multiply, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells. Indian Neurologists and Neurosurgeons are supported by the most extensive neuro-diagnostic and imaging facilities including Asia's most advanced MRI and CT technology. Along with providing general diagnostic X-ray imaging, Hospitals of brain tumor surgery in India offers you a magnitude of imaging services like EEG, EMG, Sensation 10 CT Scanner, Functional MRI with Spectro-scopy, OPMI Multivision etc.

Treatment

People diagnosed with a CNS tumor generally need to seek treatment as soon as possible. The pressure caused by a growing CNS tumor can cause severe symptoms, including a backup of CSF and problems with blood circulation, which can damage delicate nerves and deprive cells of nourishment.

Treating brain and spinal cord tumors can be difficult. The blood-brain barrier, which normally serves to protect the brain and spinal cord from damaging chemicals entering those structures, also keeps out many types of potentially beneficial chemotherapeutic drugs. Surgery can be difficult if the tumor is near a delicate portion of the brain or spinal cord. Radiation therapy can damage healthy tissue. However, research in the past two decades has improved the survival rates of patients with brain tumors. More refined surgeries, a better understanding of what types of tumors respond to chemotherapy, and precise delivery of radiation have resulted in a longer life span and better quality of life for patients with brain tumors.

Surgery

Surgery is the most common type of treatment for a brain tumor and is often the only treatment performed for a benign brain tumor. Even if the cancer cannot be cured, its removal can relieve symptoms if it is creating pressure on parts of the brain. There have been rapid advances in surgery for a brain tumor, including the use of cortical mapping and enhanced imaging devices to give surgeons more tools to plan and perform the surgery. For a tumor that is near the speech center, it is increasingly common to perform the operation under awake conditions. Typically, the patient is awakened once the surface of the brain is exposed, and special electrical stimulation techniques are used to locate the speech center and thereby avoid causing any damage while removing the tumor.

Surgery to the brain requires the removal of part of the skull, a procedure called a craniotomy. After the surgeon removes the tumor, the patient's own bone will be used to cover the opening in the skull. Gliadel wafers that deliver chemotherapeutic drugs (see below) require surgery to put the wafers in the tumor bed site. This may be done at the same time as a craniotomy.

In addition to removing or reducing the size of the brain tumor, surgery can provide a tissue sample for analysis. For some tumor types, the results of the analysis can help in showing if chemotherapy or radiation therapy will be useful.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells. Oncologists may use radiation therapy along with surgery to slow the growth of aggressive tumors. Radiation can be directed in the following ways:

The linear-accelerator machine provides external-beam radiation therapy from outside the body to target the tumor within the brain; this is becoming increasingly more precise with the addition of multileaf collimators (a device that restricts and confines the x-ray beam to a given treatment area).

In stereotactic radiosurgery, a computer assembles images from CT scans or MRI scans to locate the tumor and help direct the radiation. This may involve the use of an external head device to "marry" the patient's head/tumor location to the incoming radiosurgery beams.

Brachytherapy uses radioactive seeds implanted directly in the tumor site; however, this treatment technique is rarely used at this time for a brain tumor.

Radiation techniques

The following radiation techniques may be used:

Conventional radiation therapy. The treatment location is determined based on anatomic landmarks and x-rays. In certain situations, such as whole brain radiation therapy for brain metastases, this technique is appropriate. For more precise targeting, more elaborate techniques are required. Chemotherapy may be used in conjunction with this type of radiation therapy.

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Based on CT and MRI images, a three-dimensional model of the tumor and normal tissues is created on a computer. Beam size and angles are determined that maximize tumor dose and minimize normal tissue dose.

Stereotactic radiosurgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery involves delivering a single, high dose of radiation directly to the tumor and not healthy tissues. It works best for a tumor that is only in one area of the brain and certain benign tumors, but is also used for multiple metastatic brain tumors. There are three methods by which stereotactic radiosurgery is performed:

• A modified linear accelerator is a machine that creates high-energy radiation by using electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles.
• A gamma knife is another form of radiation therapy that concentrates highly focused beams of gamma radiation on the tumor.
• A cyber knife is a robotic device used in radiation therapy to guide radiation to the tumor target-particularly targets in the brain, head, and neck regions.

Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is delivered with stereotactic precision but divided into small daily fractions over several weeks using a relocatable head frame, in contrast to the one-day radiosurgery. This technique is used for tumors located close to eloquent or sensitive structures, such as the optic nerves or brain stem.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Radiation therapy is delivered with greater intensity or dose to thicker areas of the tumor and with less intensity to thinner areas of the tumor. This is accomplished by placing tiny metal leaves in the beam to reduce the intensity of the beam in order to customize the shape of the dose to the shape of the tumor.

All of these more elaborate techniques are designed to achieve greater precision and minimize the dose to the surrounding normal brain tissue. Depending on the size and location of the tumor, the radiation oncologist may choose any of the above radiation techniques. In certain situations, a combination of two or more techniques is appropriate.

Very young children (younger than 5) are not usually appropriate candidates for radiation therapy because of high risk of damage to their developing brains.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. The goal of chemotherapy can be to destroy cancer remaining after surgery, slow the tumor's growth, or reduce symptoms.

Advanced/recurrent brain tumors

If, in spite of initial treatment, the brain tumor does not go into remission (the temporary or permanent disappearance of symptoms) or if it recurs, patients can still receive care to manage the symptoms caused by the tumor. Symptom management is always important since the symptoms of a brain tumor can interfere with quality of life.

Since a brain tumor is so rare, it can be hard for doctors to plan treatments unless they know what has worked in treating other patients with a brain tumor. Clinical trials are research studies that compare the standard treatments (the best treatments available) with newer treatments that may be more effective. Investigating new treatments involves careful monitoring using scientific methods and all participants are followed closely to track progress.

Due to advances in research, new drugs are being created to combat brain tumors. Many of these new drugs are called "small molecules" or "molecularly targeted therapies" because they are small in size (and can therefore be taken orally) and/or can attack a specific molecule or target within the brain tumor cells. These new drugs are being tested either alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy

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